Outline xix Preface xxiii Section I The Environment 1 Part I The Environment - Natural, Ecological and Historical (Topography) 3 1 Natural Sites and Places 5 1.1 Nature and Landscape 5 1.2 Natural Places and Characteristics 5 1.3 Creation of Man-Made Places 6 1.4 Existential Space and Place 7 1.5 Natural Landscape and Sensing 9 Further Reading 10 2 Ecological and Climatic Context and Basic Protection Needs 11 2.1 Primitive Needs 11 2.2 Climatic Zones and Natural Materials for Shelter 11 2.3 Shelter Types, Uses and Purposes 13 2.4 Socio-Cultural Factors and Human Needs 14 2.5 Theory of Human Needs 15 Exhibit 2.1 Basic Human Needs 18 Further Reading 19 3 Historical and Regional Development 21 3.1 Historic Eras and Development 21 3.2 Regional Variations, Early Cultures and Settlements 22 3.3 Topography, Climate and Materials - Form Determinants 23 Exhibit 3.1 Individual Dwelling Types 24 Further Reading 27 Section II Human Behaviour and Design 29 Part II Human Behaviour (Neuro-Physiology) 31 4 The Brain, the Mind and Sensing 33 4.1 The Brain and Neurological Systems - Seeing, Touching and Hearing 33 4.2 Seeing - Visual Processing and Memory 33 4.3 Touching and Hearing 35 4.4 The Mind - Mental Learning and Thinking - Cognition 36 4.5 The Mind - Visceral Feelings - Emotion and Motivation 38 4.6 Consciousness and Self 39 4.7 Human Body and the Sensing of Form 40 4.8 Meaning, Intentionality and Imagination 41 4.9 Metaphor and Consciousness 42 Exhibit 4.1 The Human Brain - Neurological Sensing 45 Further Reading 52 5 The Eyes and the Visual System 55 5.1 Visual Perception 55 5.2 Visual World and Visual Field 57 5.3 Visual Perception and Affordances 61 5.4 Perceptual Experience - Visual System 62 5.5 Visual System and Optic Arrays 63 5.6 Recognition, Eye Movements and Analogue Theory 65 Exhibit 5.1 The Human Eye 66 Exhibit 5.2 Affordances 72 Exhibit 5.3 Perspective - Sensory Shifts 73 Further Reading 74 6 The Senses 75 6.1 The System of Senses 75 6.2 The Senses 76 6.3 Further Senses 78 6.4 The Senses and Multi-Sensory Experience 81 6.5 Multi-Sensory Emotions, Feelings and Aspirations 83 6.6 Pleasure 85 Exhibit 6.1 The Human Ear 86 Exhibit 6.2 The Human Senses 88 Further Reading 89 Part III Perceptual Experience of Form (Psychology and Phenomenology) 91 7 Aesthetic Theories and Perception of Built Form 93 7.1 Perception 93 7.2 Theories of Perception 93 7.3 Schematisation and Phenomena 94 7.4 Equilibrium, Wholes and Re-centring 96 7.5 Parts and the 'Whole' 96 7.6 Perceptual Properties 98 7.7 Perception of Form 98 7.8 Psychology of Form 99 7.9 Dynamics of Space 100 7.10 Perception and Cognition 102 7.11 Meaning and Symbols 104 7.12 Synopsis - Perceptual Experience 106 Exhibit 7.1 Principles of Configuration 108 Exhibit 7.2 Perspective 111 Further Reading 113 Part IV Grammar and Syntax of Form, and Composition 115 8 Architectural Ordering, Composition, Form and Beauty 117 8.1 Order 117 8.2 Grammar of Design and Syntax 118 8.3 Composition and Characteristics 122 8.4 Rhythm and Harmony 124 8.5 Purposiveness 125 8.6 Objects and Arrangements 125 8.7 Composition and Type 126 8.8 Ways of Ordering 127 8.9 Objective Properties 129 Exhibit 8.1 Principles of Composition 130 Exhibit 8.2 Basic Rules of Composition for Order and Unity 132 Further Reading 140 Part V Planning and Design Process, and Programme Requirements (Methodology) 141 9 Design Framework, Methods and Approaches 143 9.1 Problem Formulation 143 9.2 Setting 143 9.3 Fitness and Fit 144 9.4 Self-Conscious Design Approach 145 9.5 Affordances and Behaviour Settings 146 9.6 Programme Requirements 146 9.