The Japanese Tea Garden

Marc Peter Keane, a graduate of Cornell University, is an American landscape architect and author. He lived in Kyoto, Japan, for nearly 20 years, and specializes in Japanese garden design. Presently, he maintains a design office in Ithaca, New York. He is the author of several books about garden design: Japanese Garden Design (an introduction to the culture and design of Japanese gardens); Sakuteiki: Visions of the Japanese Garden (a translation of Japan's oldest gardening text, co-authored with Prof. Jiro Takei), The Art of Setting Stones (a collection of philosophical essays on gardens), and The Japanese Tea Garden (history and aesthetics of Japanese tea gardens). Keane has worked as a lecturer in the Department of Environmental Design at the Kyoto University of Art and Design and at Cornell University, and is a fellow at the Research Center for Japanese Garden Art, Kyoto, Japan, and the Institute for Medieval Japanese Studies, New York. He has lectured widely throughout the United States, England, and Japan. Keane also acted as chairman of Kyoto Mitate International for many years, a non-profit organization that worked to revitalize Kyoto's traditional environments and cultural heritage.

Acknowledgments ii An Invitation to Tea x 1 a brief history of tea 1 Tang-Dynasty China (618-907) 3 Nara-Period Japan (710-84) 4 Song-Dynasty China (960-1279) 5 Kamakura-Period Japan (1185-1333) 9 Yuan-Dynasty China (1271-1368) 12 Ming-Dynasty China (1368-1644) 12 2 cultural background 19 Garden History 20 Machiya: Merchant Townhouses 23 The Hermit in the City 27 Tea Aesthetics 39 3 muromachi society 43 Bushi: Military Aristocracy 44 Zenso: Buddhist Priests 49 Shonin: Merchants 57 Shokunin/Geinosha: Artisans/Artists 63 4 early development of the roji 67 Early Development of the Tea Garden 68 Shuko: The Tea of Urban Merchants in the Late 15th Century 70 Joo: Wabi and Tea in the Early 16th Century 78 Rikyu: The Creation of the Tea Garden During the Late 16th Century 85 5 from roji to chaniwa: tea gardens in the edo period 117 The Word Roji 118 Tea Gardens in the Early Edo Period 120 Early 17th Century: Furuta Oribe and the Beginnings of Daimyo-cha 120 Mid-17th Century: Kobori Enshu and the Development of Daimyo-cha 133 Late Edo Period: The Codification of Tea Gardens 139 6 extant tea gardens and gardens influenced by tea 57 The Roji of Tea Grand Masters 158 Estate Gardens of Provincial Lords 165 Imperial Gardens 172 Gardens of Merchant Residences 179 20th-Century Private Estates 184 Other Private Residences 189 7 parts of a tea garden 197 Outer Gate: Soto-mon or Roji-mon 198 Tea Path: Roji Michi 201 The Waiting Bench: Koshikake 208 The Middle Gate: Chumon 211 The Water Basin: Tsukubai 216 Stone Lanterns: Ishi-doro 224 Dust Pit: Chiri-ana 225 Privy: Setchin 227 Fences: Kakine 227 Walls: Kabe 232 Garden Well: Ido 232 The Plantings: Ueki 233 Notes 243 Tea Text Summaries 261 Glossary of Garden Terminology 268 Bibliography 276 Index 281