Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture

Foreword to The Fifth Edition xiii Edward Mazria Foreword to The First Edition xv James Marston Fitch Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Background: Architecture In A Warming World 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture 5 1.3 Formal Architecture 6 1.4 Architecture and Energy 8 1.5 The Architectural Approach to Low-Energy Design 11 1.6 Climate and Architecture 14 1.7 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings 15 1.8 Form, Color and Ornamentation 15 1.9 Biophilic Design 18 1.10 Resilient Design 18 1.11 Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs 20 1.12 The Moral Imperative 20 1.13 Conclusion 21 Executive Summary 21 Resources 22 2 Climate Change: The Key Sustainability Issue 23 2.1 Easter Island: Learning From the Past 24 2.2 Sustainable Design and Climate Change 24 2.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design 25 2.4 The Sustainability Movement 27 2.5 The Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 28 2.6 Growth 31 2.7 Exponential Growth 31 2.8 The Amoeba Analogy 32 2.9 Supply Versus Efficiency 33 2.10 Sustainable-Design Issues 33 2.11 Embodied Energy 34 2.12 Climate Change 35 2.13 The Ozone Hole 37 2.14 Efficiency Versus Renewable Energy 37 2.15 Energy Sources 37 2.16 Energy Use in Ancient Greece 38 2.17 Nonrenewable Fossil Energy Sources 39 2.18 Nuclear Energy 40 2.19 Renewable Energy Sources 41 2.20 Conclusion 48 Executive Summary 49 Resources 50 3 Basic Principles: The Physics Of Heat Flow For Heating And Cooling Buildings 51 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Heat 52 3.3 Sensible Heat 52 3.4 Latent Heat 53 3.5 Evaporative Cooling 53 3.6 Convection 54 3.7 Transport 54 3.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums 55 3.9 Radiation 55 3.10 Greenhouse Effect 57 3.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface 58 3.12 Mean Radiant Temperature 59 3.13 Heat Flow 59 3.14 Heat Sink 60 3.15 Heat Capacity 60 3.16 Thermal Resistance 60 3.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient 61 3.18 Time Lag 61 3.19 Insulating Effect of Mass 62 3.20 Energy Conversion 63 3.21 Combined Heat and Power 63 3.22 Off-Site Versus On-Site Renewable Energy 64 3.23 The Game Changers: Heat Pumps and Batteries 64 3.24 Net-Zero Buildings 65 3.25 Conclusion 65 Executive Summary 66 4 Climate: Its Significant Impact On Buildings 67 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Climate 68 4.3 Microclimate 70 4.4 Climatic Anomalies 73 4.5 Climate Regions in a Time of Climate Change 74 4.6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables 75 4.7 Relative Heating and Cooling Loads 80 4.8 Climatic Data Tables 84 4.9 Design Strategies 119 Executive Summary 125 Resources 126 5 Psychometrics: Thermal Comfort 127 5.1 Biological Machine 128 5.2 Thermal Barriers 129 5.3 Metabolic Rate 131 5.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment 131 5.5 The Psychrometric Chart 133 5.6 Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 135 5.7 Heat Content of Air 136 5.8 Thermal Comfort 138 5.9 Shifting of the Comfort Zone 139 5.10 Adaptive Comfort 141 5.11 Clothing and Comfort 141 5.12 Strategies 142 5.13 Conclusion 142 Executive Summary 143 Resources 143 6 Solar Geometry: The Most Powerful Element Of Design 145 6.1 Introduction 146 6.2 The Sun 146 6.3 Elliptical Orbit 146 6.4 Tilt of the Earth's Axis 147 6.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle 147 6.6 Winter 148 6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth! 149 6.8 The Sky Dome 149 6.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles 150 6.10 Solar Time 152 6.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 152 6.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 154 6.13 Drawing Sunbeams 155 6.14 Sun-Path Models 159 6.15 Solar Heat Gain 160 6.16 Solar Site-Evaluation tools 165 6.17 Heliodons

NORBERT LECHNER, LEED AP (Chapel Hill, NC) Architect and Professor Emeritus of Architecture in the Building Science Department at Auburn University, is an expert in energy responsive architectural design with an emphasis on solar responsive design, including daylighting. He is a consultant for designing sustainable, low energy, and solar responsive buildings, and is the inventor of new types of heliodons that are invaluable for teaching and designing solar responsive buildings. PATRICIA ANDRASIK, NCARB, AIA, IIDA, LEED BD+C, LEED O+M (Washington, D.C.) Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies and Assistant Professor in the School of Architecture and Planning at The Catholic University of America, is a licensed architect in Washington, D.C. and is internationally recognized for her research in informing design through performance metrics and using performance metrics to inform O&M.